Adjusting for Covariates in Randomized Clinical Trials for Drugs and Biological Products by the FDA
= Adjusting for Covariates in Randomized Clinical Trials for Drugs and Biological Products by the FDA
{c}
{title2=2023}
https://www.fda.gov/media/148910/download
FDA guidance, May 2023. Sections I–II, printed pp. 1–2: prognostic pre-randomization covariates and precision. Institutional source; reuse live FDA entry if present. Numerical residual-variance example is an independent derivation under the stated conditional noise assumptions.