= Airborne lidar
<Lidar> acquired from an aircraft with surveyed trajectory and orientation. Ground-return classification removes canopy and structure returns before constructing a bare-ground <digital elevation model>. Penetration through forest is sampling through canopy gaps, not unrestricted transmission through leaves. Areas with few or no ground returns require uncertainty assessment rather than treating interpolated heights as observations.<What is the difference between lidar data and a digital elevation model by United States Geological Survey>[Point-cloud returns from vegetation, structures and ground, and filtering to a bare-earth model]{ref}
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