All-pay auction (source code)

= All-pay auction
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= All-pay contest
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In a standard all-pay auction, every player pays its bid or effort cost, and the highest bid receives the prize. With a value $v_i$, unit effort cost, and <winning probability> $x_i(b)$, player $i$ has <quasilinear utility> $v_i x_i(b)-b_i$. Equal highest bids require an explicit tie rule.