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Allison L. Foote coauthored an experimental study of metacognition in rats with Jonathon D. Crystal. Rats classified the duration of a stimulus and could instead select a decline option. Preferential use of that option on difficult trials, together with comparisons of forced and accepted tests, made uncertainty-sensitive behavior measurable without asking for a verbal explanation. The interpretation requires considering associative alternatives as well as the monitoring account. ^[ref]

Jonathon D. Crystal studies animal cognition, including tests of metacognition that do not require verbal reports. With Allison L. Foote, he examined rats’ use of an option to decline difficult duration-discrimination trials. Performance on accepted trials and the pattern of declining provide complementary evidence about uncertainty-sensitive behavior. Distinguishing monitoring from learned stimulus or reward cues is part of interpreting this experimental design. ^[ref]