= Amplifier output range
{title2=$V_{\rm lo}\leq v_o\leq V_{\rm hi}$}
The \b[amplifier output range] is the interval over which an <electronic amplifier> can provide the specified output behavior under stated supply, load and operating conditions. Its limits need not coincide with the power-supply potentials. The historical integrator datasheet lists output range and output-current conditions separately from its supply conditions.<ACF2101 Low Noise, Dual Switched Integrator datasheet>[Electrical Specifications, pp2–3, test conditions and Output section]{ref}
For an original linear model, let $v_o=V_{\rm ref}+Gv_i$ with positive gain. Avoiding static clipping requires
$$
\frac{V_{\rm lo}-V_{\rm ref}}G\leq v_i\leq\frac{V_{\rm hi}-V_{\rm ref}}G.
$$
Stipulate a $0$–$5\,\mathrm V$ supply, usable output limits $0.2$–$4.6\,\mathrm V$, $V_{\rm ref}=2.0\,\mathrm V$ and $G=200$. The permitted differential input interval is $-9$ to $13\,\mathrm{mV}$. A positive $12\,\mathrm{mV}$ input predicts $4.4\,\mathrm V$ and fits; a negative $12\,\mathrm{mV}$ input predicts $-0.4\,\mathrm V$ and does not.
These are stipulated limits, not a product guarantee. The <amplifier output headroom> relative to each supply can differ. Loading can change the available output swing, and input-stage saturation can occur even when the final ideal output lies inside its range. A slow input sweep identifies the static departure from linear gain; a pulse test additionally probes dynamic recovery. <Amplifier clipping> describes the waveform consequence of exceeding these limits.
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