= Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
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= ARPES
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<Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy> measures the kinetic energy and emission angle of <Electrons> removed from a solid by light. With photon energy $h\nu$, sample work function $\Phi$, and binding energy $E_B$ measured downwards from the <Fermi level>, $E_{\rm kin}=h\nu-\Phi-E_B$. The measured parallel momentum is $k_\parallel=\sqrt{2m_eE_{\rm kin}}\sin\theta/\hbar$, modulo a surface reciprocal-lattice vector. Bright ridges reveal occupied <electronic band structure>; their slopes give the corresponding <group velocity>. Extracting a <Fermi energy> relative to a <Dirac point> requires a calibrated <Fermi level>, not merely an unlabelled image boundary.
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