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Persistent developmental difficulty with language associated with functional impact. It is not interchangeable with motor speech apraxia or stuttering, and a rare single-family genetic finding does not establish a universal cause.

A neurological examination systematically assesses functions of the nervous system, including mental state, cranial nerves, strength, sensation, coordination and reflexes. Patterns across tasks can localize dysfunction more effectively than a single isolated score.

For example, apparent inability to perform a learned action can reflect elementary weakness, impaired comprehension or apraxia. Comparing the relevant component functions is essential to interpreting the failed action.