Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 ia Paper 4 10B a Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
The radial energy equation is , so motion requires . For and , the effective potential minimum and its limiting value zero at infinity implyAt the lower endpoint the particle stays at , giving a circular orbit. Strictly between that endpoint and zero, two positive turning points confine the radial motion. For below the minimum there is no allowed motion, while does not give a radially bounded orbit.
Write and . At each turning point , soThe smaller and larger roots give the periapsis distance and apoapsis distance:They coincide for the circular orbit. Their sum and product are
The speed satisfies , which decreases strictly with because . Thus its maximum is at the periapsis and its minimum at the apoapsis. At either endpoint the radial velocity vanishes, so . Therefore the apsidal speed sum for an attractive inverse-square orbit isHence . Individually, and , also valid when the orbit is circular.