For , suppose and are analytic at , , and . The tortoise coordinate obeys the displayed expansion with analytic . For and in the right exterior, after fixing an additive constant. The inverse function theorem makes analytic in through zero, while has a finite nonzero radial coefficient there. This supplies the local analytic extension and its bifurcate Killing horizon.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 56 1 f Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Set . Since , the integrand defining the tortoise coordinate has a simple pole:where is analytic near . Define the Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates in the right exterior by and . ThenThe right-hand side has positive nonzero derivative at . Continuing this relation analytically, rather than retaining an absolute value, makes an analytic function of through both signs. The Kruskal extension across a simple static horizon has metricIts radial coefficient tends to , finite and nonzero, while . Therefore both null surfaces and are regular horizon branches, intersecting at a smooth two-sphere .
The stationary Killing vector field becomesIt is null, tangent and normal on each horizon branch and vanishes on their intersection. This proves that is a bifurcate Killing horizon, with bifurcation surface of area . The exponential definitions specify one exterior; allowing all signs of supplies the remaining quadrants of the extension.