= Binary branching model of an electromagnetic shower
{title2=$n_{\mathrm{stop}}=\lceil\log_2(E_0/E_c)\rceil$}
If every particle branches into two equal-energy daughters after one <radiation length>, the multiplicity is $2^n$ and each <energy> is $E_0/2^n$. Multiplication stops at the <critical energy of an electromagnetic shower>. This predicts a branching depth, not a realistic containment quantile: <Statistical fluctuation>[stochastic] interaction distances, unequal radiation spectra and the residual <Particle range>[stopping range] produce a longitudinal tail.
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