Biot strain tensor (source code)

= Biot strain tensor
{c}
{title2=$E^{(1)}=U-I$}

The <Biot strain tensor> uses $f(\lambda)=\lambda-1$, so $E^{(1)}=U-I$. Its principal values are extension ratios minus one. It is a <spectral strain measure>, since $f(1)=0$, $f'(1)=1$ and $f'>0$. Its reference-volume work conjugate is the <symmetric Biot stress>.