= Boltzmann electron response
{c}
{title2=$\delta n_e/n_{0e}=e\phi/T_e$}
Rapid parallel thermal <electron> streaming can approximately balance electrostatic and isothermal <pressure> forces, giving $n_e\propto e^{e\phi/T_e}$ and its linear form in the title. This assumes a suitable connection along the <magnetic field>, $|\omega|\ll k_\parallel v_{\mathrm{th},e}$, and an approximately electrostatic branch. A spatially constant potential on a closed line requires its own particle-number constraint.
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