Boussinesq top-hat plume in a stratified ambient
= Boussinesq top-hat plume in a stratified ambient
{c}
{title2=$Q_z=2\alpha\sqrt M,\quad M_z=FQ/M,\quad F_z=-N^2Q$}
With common factors of $\pi$ removed, steady kinematic fluxes satisfy $Q_z=2\alpha\sqrt M$, $M_z=FQ/M$ and $F_z=-N^2Q$. The <Batchelor entrainment hypothesis> supplies volume, the integrated <buoyancy> force supplies momentum, and the environmental <mass density> gradient reduces <buoyancy flux>. This uses the <Boussinesq approximation>.