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Brian Maniscalco is a researcher in metacognition and its measurement. With Hakwan Lau, he introduced a method that estimates meta-d-prime from confidence reports and task outcomes. Comparing the estimate with first-order sensitivity asks how much task-relevant information is reflected in self-evaluation. It avoids identifying confidence magnitude alone with accurate monitoring, although the interpretation still depends on the specified signal detection theory model. ^[ref]

Hakwan Lau studies awareness and metacognition. With Brian Maniscalco, he developed a signal detection theory approach for estimating metacognitive sensitivity from confidence ratings. The resulting meta-d-prime expresses confidence-based discrimination using a scale comparable to task sensitivity. The method separates how strongly confidence tracks correctness from a general tendency to use high or low confidence, while retaining assumptions about the modeled decision process. ^[ref]