= Buffer exchange
<Buffer exchange> changes the small components surrounding a retained <macromolecule> toward those of a desired <buffer solution>. Components absent from fresh <dialysate> tend to leave; supplied components can enter. Each permeant <solute> has its own exchange problem.<Dialysis: an overview, Pierce Biotechnology technical note>[Tech Tip 20, pp. 1-2, renewed gradients and Other Factors in Dialysis]{ref}
For a dilute, nonbinding permeant <solute>, an ideal equilibrium calculation approaches the bath's specified <concentration>. That approximation need not describe a <solute> bound to a <protein> or a charged mixture with additional electrical constraints. Retaining a <protein> also does not by itself establish that its <protein structure> or catalytic function survives the change of <buffer solution>.
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