Bufferless queue output
= Bufferless queue output
{title2=$Y=\min(A,c),\quad W=(A-c)^+$}
The work served in one slot is capped at the <service rate of a queue>. The remainder is lost, so output is input minus its <positive part> above capacity. Every downstream threshold below the cap has exactly the same overflow event for input and output; thresholds at or above the cap cannot be exceeded by the output.