= Calvin Quate
{c}
<Calvin Quate> developed instruments that use mechanical interactions to reveal microscopic structure. His Stanford memorial describes his work on scanning acoustic microscopy and, with <Gerd Binnig> and <Christoph Gerber>, <atomic force microscopy>.https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/07/calvin-f-quate-inventor-advanced-microscopes-dies-95[Institutional memorial, microscopy contributions]{ref}
Their 1986 atomic-force-microscope paper used a compliant mechanical probe and sensitive displacement detection to measure surface interactions. Its preliminary measurements demonstrated nanometre-scale lateral structure and sub-nanometre vertical sensitivity; the proposed atomic-scale goal and those initial measured resolutions should be distinguished. This instrument-building contribution opened a route to imaging surfaces without requiring a tunnelling current through the specimen.<Atomic Force Microscope by Gerd Binnig and others>[Abstract, preliminary lateral30angstrom and vertical below1angstrom resolution]{ref}
\Image[https://news.stanford.edu/__data/assets/image/0031/58189/Quate_950625a-2.jpeg]
{title=Calvin Quate}
{description=Photograph by L.A. Cicero, identified in the Stanford memorial; no licence is asserted.}
{source=https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/07/calvin-f-quate-inventor-advanced-microscopes-dies-95}
{width=220}
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