Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2005 ii Paper 2 8A Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Fix a Hankel contour with a positive-radius circle around zero and a branch , traversing the lower bank inwards and the upper bank outwards. Write its numerator as . For fixed circle radius, is an entire function of : the finite contour pieces avoid zero, and the tails converge uniformly on compact sets by exponential decay, also after differentiation with respect to .
At , the two straight-bank contributions cancel because is single-valued. The remaining circle is positively oriented, so the residue theorem and the exponential series giveSince , the quotient has the simple poleFor cancellation of positive-integer gamma singularities on a Hankel contour, at a positive integer , the integrand is entire and its bank contributions again cancel; its circular integral is zero. Hence . The numerator is analytic near , while the denominator has a simple zero with nonzero derivative. Factoring therefore cancels that zero, proving there is no pole at a positive integer using only this representation. Cancellation of the numerator, not merely the zero of the sine, decides the issue. One can also shrink the contour for , obtaining and hence the finite value .