Area of a geodesic polar ball with nonpositive curvature Created 2026-09-29 Updated 2026-11-05
Let be an embedded normal ball in a Riemannian surface, with , and suppose its Gaussian curvature satisfies . In geodesic polar coordinates, the area element of a surface is , where the Jacobi equation in geodesic polar coordinates gives
Thus and . Integration proves
The embedded polar-coordinate range matters: a flat torus has zero Gaussian curvature, but sufficiently large metric balls cover the whole finite-area surface and cannot satisfy this bound for all radii. On a complete simply connected surface with , the Cartan-Hadamard theorem removes that obstruction.