= Case–control study
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A <case–control study> selects subjects according to an outcome: cases have the outcome and controls represent an appropriate comparison population. It compares their prior <exposures> or <genetic variants> to study association. Its retrospective sampling must be accounted for when interpreting risks; <selection bias> and <confounding> can distort an unadjusted association. In genetics, matched <family pseudo-control genotypes> can replace unrelated controls for a conditional <transmission disequilibrium test>.
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