= Case–control study
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A case–control study selects subjects according to an outcome: cases have the outcome and controls represent an appropriate comparison population. It compares their prior exposures or genetic variants to study association. Its retrospective sampling must be accounted for when interpreting risks; <selection bias> and <confounding> can distort an unadjusted association. In genetics, matched <family pseudo-control genotypes> can replace unrelated controls for a conditional <transmission disequilibrium test>.
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