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The characteristic vector field $b=({\nabla }_{v}H,-{\nabla }_{x}H)$ is a divergence-free vector field:The Jacobian determinant $J_t=\det D{\Phi }_t$ obeys ${\dot{J}}_t=(\nabla \cdot b)({\Phi }_t)J_t=0$, with $J_0=1$. Thus the flow preserves phase-space volume, the Liouville theorem in Hamiltonian mechanics. Changing variables $(x,v)={\Phi }_t(\xi ,\eta )$ and using (i) givesThis applies on intervals where the flow is a diffeomorphism of the phase space and the integrals are defined; for finite conservation statements require integrability. For instance compactly supported initial data and $F(0)=0$ give the usual setting. An arbitrary smooth $F$ need not make these integrals finite on infinite-volume space, and merely smooth $H$ does not exclude escape of characteristics to infinity. Equivalently $F(f{)}_t+{\nabla }_z\cdot [bF(f)]=0$, with no flux through infinity, proves the same Casimir invariant of a transport equation conservation.