Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2004 iii Paper 66 4 i 1 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
One integral can occur in an autonomous system with a fully chaotic region and no additional continuous orbit constraints. The specific orbital energy is conserved in a time-independent gravitational potential. If a chaotic stellar orbit is dense in a connected region of its energy hypersurface, every continuous integral of motion is constant on that region. Thus it cannot supply a new independent constraint there, and energy is the only independent isolating integral. A generic nonaxisymmetric potential can contain such regions; not every orbit in such a potential is necessarily chaotic.