= Charles Spearman
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{title2=1863–1945}
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<Charles Spearman> investigated <correlations> among cognitive performances and developed an account of a shared <general intelligence factor> with task-specific contributions. This helped make <intelligence> a subject of explicit measurement and statistical modeling. A fitted common factor describes covariation under a model; it is not automatically a uniquely identified biological mechanism. His name is also attached to <Spearman's rank correlation coefficient>. <General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured by Charles Spearman>[1904, original correlation analysis and general/specific factor account]{ref}
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