= Christian Møller
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<Christian Møller> and <Léon Rosenfeld> used the <electric quadrupole moment> of the <deuteron> to constrain <nuclear forces>. An isotropic <charge distribution> has no preferred axis and therefore zero quadrupole moment. A nonzero value requires an internal structure or <quantum state> that produces an anisotropic charge pattern. Their 1939 work connected this measured electrical property with orientation-dependent forces between the <proton> and <neutron>, illustrating how a small static observable can test a microscopic interaction model.<The Electric Quadrupole Moment of the Deuteron and the Field Theory of Nuclear Forces by Christian Møller and Léon Rosenfeld>[1939 abstract, quadrupole moment and orientation dependence]{ref}
\Image[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/M%C3%B8ller,Christian_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg?width=260]
{title=Portrait of <Christian Møller>}
{description=GFHund, July 1963; photograph from Friedrich Hund’s estate, prepared for Wikipedia by Gerhard Hund. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/[CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons.}
{source=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%B8ller,Christian_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg}
{width=260}
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