= Christopher M. Kramer
{c}
{tag=Physiology and neuroscience author}
\b[Christopher M. Kramer] is a cardiologist whose research uses cardiovascular <magnetic resonance imaging> to assess the <heart>. His University of Virginia profile identifies cardiovascular imaging as an area of expertise.<Christopher M. Kramer profile at UVA Health>[Bio & Overview]{ref} He is the first author of the 2020 primary protocol document specifying standardized cardiovascular <magnetic resonance imaging> acquisitions.<Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols: 2020 update by Christopher M. Kramer and others>[Byline; General techniques]{ref}
One concrete contribution of such a protocol is to make image geometry reproducible. Its left-ventricular procedure links the <cardiac apex>, <mitral valve> center, <cardiac long axis> views and a <cardiac short-axis stack>.<Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols: 2020 update by Christopher M. Kramer and others>[Left ventricular structure and function, items 3 and 6; Figures 1–3]{ref} The geometry determines which anatomy is acquired before an analyst draws a cavity boundary.
An original example explains the measurement consequence. A volume reconstructed as $V\simeq\sum_iA_i\Delta z_i$ depends on both the cavity areas and the represented slice thicknesses. If ten slices each have area 8 cm$^2$ and represented thickness 0.8 cm, the estimate is 64 mL. Omitting one such slice loses 6.4 mL even if every retained boundary is traced perfectly. Standardized coverage and phase selection therefore address errors that cannot be removed merely by improving <image segmentation> on the available slices.
The documented protocol work connects acquisition choices to interpretable measurements of chamber structure and function. It provides technical procedures and reference geometry; the arithmetic example here illustrates their purpose rather than reporting a result from that document.
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{title=<Christopher M. Kramer>}
{description=Portrait explicitly labelled on the https://www.uvahealth.com/providers/Christopher-Kramer-1528137148[official UVA Health profile].}
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