= CKM unitarity triangle
{c}
{title2=$V_{ud}V_{ub}^*+V_{cd}V_{cb}^*+V_{td}V_{tb}^*=0$}
Orthogonality of two CKM rows or columns makes the three complex products form a closed triangle. Its area is $|J|/2$, where $J$ is the Jarlskog invariant. Normalizing the displayed column-orthogonality relation gives vertices $0,1,\bar\rho+i\bar\eta$, with $\bar\rho+i\bar\eta=-V_{ud}V_{ub}^*/(V_{cd}V_{cb}^*)$. A collapsed triangle has zero weak rephasing-invariant CP violation for nondegenerate quark masses.
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