Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2008 ib Paper 3 17B v Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Use real physical fields in the quadratic energy expressions. The vector identity and vacuum Maxwell's equations giveIntegrating over a fixed volume and applying the divergence theorem proves Poynting's theorem:The left side is outward energy flux through the closed surface, not merely local intensity.
For a linearly polarized wave with phase , the real fields give Poynting vector . Local intensity oscillates at . In the closed-surface integral, the time-independent part cancels because . The remaining flux generally oscillates at , has zero time average, and may vanish identically for special volume geometries.
For circular polarization, take with orthonormal transverse vectors. Then and , so is spatially and temporally constant. Therefore the closed-surface Poynting flux of a plane wave isThere is still a nonzero steady local energy flow: equal energy enters and leaves every fixed closed volume. Calling the net closed-surface flux a nonzero constant would confuse these two quantities.