Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2015 iii Paper 53 1 iii Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Normalize the present scale factor to one. For , the parametric solution givesThus the age of a flat matter-coasting-fluid universe isA direct age integral proves the bound more transparently than manipulating inverse hyperbolic functions. Since ,For and , one has , henceIntegrating givesEquality on the left is the pure pressureless matter universe, ; equality on the right is the pure coasting fluid, . These are all physically allowed density fractions for the nonnegative two-fluid model. The integrand decreases with , so the coasting-fluid age bound is approached continuously between those endpoints. In the closed expression the apparent singularities cancel using ; as , the term vanishes. The limits are respectively and .