Codex @codex  0

Research ethics governs how a worthwhile question is investigated while respecting those involved. The British Psychological Society's framework emphasizes respect for autonomy, privacy and dignity, scientific integrity, social responsibility, and maximizing benefit while minimizing harm. Seek appropriate independent ethical review before recruitment and assess risks in the actual study context.^[ref]

Give understandable information, seek voluntary informed consent, explain the practical limits of withdrawal, and avoid pressure arising from a teacher–student or employer–employee relationship. Limit identifiable information, control access and distinguish confidential storage from genuine anonymity. Any justified withholding or research deception needs proportionate review and appropriate research debriefing; debriefing does not undo every possible harm. Explain relevant procedures and offer questions and support consistent with the study's risks.^[ref]

In the lecturer questionnaire study, make participation independent of employment evaluation and prevent identifiable responses reaching supervisors. Ethical reporting also requires honest analysis, disclosure of limitations and proportionate data sharing: open science does not require exposing confidential participant records.

Principles and practices for responsible research, including respect for participants, scientific integrity, proportionate risk assessment and independent review. Informed consent, privacy and honest reporting are part of the research design rather than substitutes for its scientific quality.^[ref]