= Collisional-radiative model
A collisional-radiative model solves coupled atomic population equations using collisions, radiative transitions, ionization and recombination. For one fixed ion stage, a common stationary approximation is $0=\sum_{j\ne i}(n_jP_{ji}-n_iP_{ij})$, supplemented by the total ion population. Electron-impact rates contribute $n_eq_{ij}(T)$ and spontaneous downward transitions contribute $A_{ij}$. Additional radiation, proton collisions and adjacent-ion source terms are included when significant.
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