Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2009 iii Paper 72 5 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let be the sum of the four axial neighbors and the sum of the four diagonal neighbors. The two PDF stencils defineThe reaction stencil has four axial weights and center weight , so its weights sum to one. Taylor expansion givesFor example, the diagonal neighbors supply the term needed to turn the fourth derivatives into the full squared Laplacian. Adding the reaction contribution producesOn a smooth solution of the constant-coefficient equation, both displayed leading terms vanish. Thus the compact fourth-order Helmholtz stencil hasThe cancellation uses the differential equation and constant ; the nine-point finite-difference stencil alone still has an operator error on an arbitrary smooth function. It also does not establish a uniform global fourth-order error without an appropriate inverse bound and compatible treatment of boundaries and resonances.