Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2015 ii Paper 3 30E a Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-06
Use a Fourier transform convention for which has symbol . The distributional equation gives for real nonzero , since this smooth positive multiplier has no zeros. Consequentlywhere . This bound is independent of . For , the same multiplier defines ; alternatively approximate by Schwartz functions and pass to the limit using the estimate. This is the massive Laplacian isomorphism on Sobolev spaces.
For , the inequality , integrated against , gives the interpolation estimateFor a finite global bound in the last request, assume as well as boundedness. This assumption is necessary: the smooth bounded solution has infinite norm on . Put , . Then with norm at most . Incorporate the constant drift on the left:The constant-drift massive elliptic estimate follows because the modulus of this symbol is at least , so the same multiplier argument first establishes and then gives the stronger a priori boundIt is allowed to depend on but in fact does not need to. Once regularity has been established, the earlier estimate and interpolation also give the conventional absorption proof: , and choosing small absorbs the term.