Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2012 iii Paper 57 3 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Let , with an inverse spatial Laplacian defined by a boundary or zero-mode prescription. It depends on , not on its time derivative. Differentiation gives the canonical momentumCount as first order. Inverting perturbatively givesFor the Legendre transform in mechanics, write with second order. The quadratic kinetic contribution is , whose correction is fourth order; in the cubic terms one may consequently replace by . The Hamiltonian density is thereforeThe cubic interaction Hamiltonian density isIn the free interaction picture, . Thus here with the time derivatives interpreted as free fields. This equality follows from the cubic Legendre transform for scalar derivative interactions; at higher orders additional terms can appear.