= Current-loop torque experiment
The PHYWE guide <Magnetic moment in the magnetic field> makes the <magnetic dipole moment> measurable. A circular test <current loop> sits between a pair of <Helmholtz coils>, with separate supplies and meters for the test <electric current> $I$ and field-producing <electric current> $I_H$. The test <current loop> is mounted on a <torsion dynamometer>. The guide varies $I_H$, the number of turns, the test <electric current>, diameter, and the <angle> between the <magnetic dipole moment> and <magnetic field>. Its angular settings are spaced by $15\degree$. The leads hang loosely and are twisted together to suppress extra <torque>; the instrument zero is checked frequently because moving leads can shift it. Its reported results include approximately linear dependence on each <electric current> and on winding count, and approximately quadratic dependence on diameter.<Magnetic moment in the magnetic field>[pp. 4–9: theory, equipment, setup, angular settings, Table 1 and Figures 2–6]{ref}
The readout is a balance of <torques>. According to the manufacturer's <Torsion dynamometer 0.01 N operating instructions>, a metallic band supplies the restoring <torque>. First set the indication to zero with the applied <force> absent and center the lever using the zero knob. Apply the load, then turn the indicating knob until the lever returns to its original zero position. The scale then reads a force equivalent, not a <torque> directly. The quoted scale division is $0.1\,\mathrm{mN}$. For a <force> applied perpendicular to the calibration <lever arm> at distance $\ell$, the conversion is $\tau=F\ell$; a <current loop> applies a <couple>, so its <torque> must be compared with the calibrated restoring <torque>.<Torsion dynamometer 0.01 N operating instructions>[§§1–4: metallic-band compensation, zero procedure, force indication and scale specification]{ref}
For a quantitative repeat, independently check that conversion with known <forces> at a measured perpendicular <lever arm>, and check the imposed <magnetic field> at the test <current loop>. These are proposed calibration checks, not additional measurements reported here. The ideal <Helmholtz coil> model predicts
$$
B_0=\left(\frac45\right)^{3/2}\frac{\mu_0N_HI_H}{R_H},
\qquad
|\tau|=NI\pi R^2 B_0|\sin\theta|,
$$
where $N_H$ and $R_H$ are the winding count and radius of each field-producing <Helmholtz coil>, distinct from $N$ and $R$ of the test <current loop>. Derive $B_0$ by adding the <on-axis magnetic field of a circular current loop> at distances $R_H/2$ from both coils. Independently calibrating $B_0$ and the restoring <torque> lets a fitted <torque> amplitude determine $m$ as amplitude divided by $B_0$, to compare with $NI\pi R^2$.
Useful additional controls are to reverse only $I$, reverse only $I_H$, and reverse both: the signed <torque> should reverse in either single reversal and be unchanged in the double reversal. Record baselines with each <electric current> separately zero, and subtract a nearby zero reading to reduce <torsion balance zero drift>. Repeat angular settings in both directions to reveal lead-dependent offsets. These are suggested controls. Limits include finite <magnetic field> uniformity, uncertainty in effective winding area and angular zero, meter calibration, <Joule heating>, and residual lead <torque>. An apparently sinusoidal trace alone does not establish the absolute <magnetic dipole moment>. No raw laboratory data or new measured values are claimed here.
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