Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2001 iii Paper 70 2 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Normalize and use the open dust model, with no cosmological constant and negligible present radiation. The Friedmann equation at the present epoch reads . Since , the curvature radius of an open FLRW universe isIn the metric's convention the numerator is one. With this is also the present physical curvature radius; at scale factor the physical radius is . Inferring curvature from alone would require this matter-only assumption; an additional dark-energy density would also enter the present Friedmann equation.