Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 104 5 b Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Use a reduced sequence in an HNN extension for . By repeatedly conjugating a prefix to the other end and reducing any resulting pinch, one obtains a cyclically reduced sequence in an HNN extension: either an element of the base group, or a sequence of positive stable-letter length with no pinch even across its cyclic junction. For example, after conjugating away the initial base coefficient, write it as . A pinch across the junction can occur only if and . Moving the first stable letter to the end then exposes that pinch and reduces the stable-letter length by two. Iteration must terminate.
If the resulting cyclically reduced sequence has , every positive power remains reduced and has stable-letter length equal to that power times . By Britton's lemma, none is the identity. Thus a finite-order element must be conjugate into the base group . Since embeds in the HNN extension, the order of a base-group element is unchanged, and conjugation also preserves order. ThereforeThe argument also applies to several stable letters: cyclic pinches must involve a stable letter and its own inverse.