Deformation tensor in the Zel'dovich approximation
= Deformation tensor in the Zel'dovich approximation
{title2=$d_{ij}$}
For an irrotational displacement $\mathbf s=-\nabla_q\Phi$, the deformation tensor is the symmetric Hessian $d_{ij}=-\partial_i\partial_j\Phi$. Its real eigenvalues determine the principal collapse directions.