The fluctuation speed and the integral scale of turbulence give a turnover time . Dividing the velocity-variance scale by that time gives a turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate proportional to . Likewise mass density variance removed over scalar mixing time gives the density-variance dissipation rate proportional to . Absorbing dimensionless proportionality coefficients into the specified length scales gives
These are integral-scale closure estimates, not exact consequences of dimensional analysis alone. In particular for the turbulent-energy convention in Question 3. The normalization of is the one fixed by the printed scalar balance; if the budget is written for the full variance rather than one half of it, both production and dissipation terms acquire a factor two.