Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2007 iii Paper 85 4 d Solution 2026-10-14
First there is a necessary coordinate qualification. With the literal action obtained in part (c), the temporal weights are and reflection is conjugation followed by exchange. A linear term with in both equations fails reflection equivariance for , since conjugation changes the sign of . The proposed first-component monomial also has temporal weight , rather than . Thus the displayed equations cannot be proved in those literal coordinates. They are the correct dihedral fourfold Hopf normal form in the common-phase Hopf coordinates .
In these coordinates the temporal circle imposes total phase weight one on every vector-field monomial. There are no quadratic monomials with that weight. A cubic monomial has two unbarred factors and one barred factor. For the first component, rotation by must multiply the monomial by . Inspecting the six phase-compatible monomials leaves preciselyThe excluded three monomials multiply by instead. Reflection swaps the components, so their coefficients must be the same after swapping indices. The linear part is a scalar complex multiple by absolute irreducibility. Orient the Hopf parameter to write it as , and name the cubic coefficients , where are generally complex. This provesThese are cubic amplitude normal forms of a dynamical system, after the usual symmetry-compatible Hopf normalization. Returning to literal coordinates conjugates the second equation: its linear coefficient is , its cubic coefficients are , and the first coupling is . That corrected form respects every printed generator.
On the three complex axial isotropy subgroup fixed spaces, substitute and . The radial equations are , withTherefore the leading component amplitudes areEach expression applies on the parameter side where it is positive, with its denominator nonzero for a nondegenerate branch. The frequencies are , with . The denominators are generically distinct, so coexisting branches generically have different component amplitudes. If the amplitude is instead measured by the original real-space norm, the identity gives squared amplitudes , , and , again generically distinct. Equalities require special coefficient relations, rather than symmetry forcing them.