= Drift velocity
{title2=$\mathbf v_d$}
{wiki}
The <drift velocity> is a <charge carrier> population's mean <velocity> relative to its material's rest frame. It describes the net transport superposed on microscopic motion. For a single species, <current density> is $\mathbf J=nq\mathbf v_d$; for <electrons>, $q=-e$ reverses the direction. It is distinct from the propagation speed of an electrical disturbance. https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-2-model-of-conduction-in-metals[Ling, Sanny and Moebs, §9.2: drift and transport]{ref}.
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