Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2018 iii Paper 214 2 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-05
Declare an edge of the planar dual graph open exactly when its crossed primal edge is closed. This dual bond percolation has parameter , using the Harris-Kesten theorem. We use the standard exponential tail of subcritical cluster size: for some , uniformly in the dual vertex ,This is decay of the number of vertices in the percolation cluster, not merely its radius.
On , the geometric fact allowed in the paper supplies a simple dual cycle in a graph surrounding , with length . Every crossed edge is in the edge boundary of and is therefore closed, so the dual cycle is open. Its distinct vertices lie in one dual percolation cluster of size at least .
A dual cycle in a graph of length surrounding the origin has all its vertices within sup-norm distance of the origin: its coordinate spans are at most , and the origin lies between each pair of extreme coordinates. There are at most possible dual vertices there. The union bound over lengths and possible vertices yieldsfor some , since a polynomial factor can be absorbed into a slower exponential decay.