Duhem problem
= Duhem problem
{c}
From $T\land A\Rightarrow E$ and $\neg E$, infer only $\neg T\lor\neg A$. A failed prediction therefore does not logically isolate failure of the target $T$ from failure of <auxiliary hypotheses> $A$. Independent calibration and varied experiments can discriminate packages; the logical ambiguity does not imply that every package is equally supported.<The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory by Pierre Duhem>[part II, chapter VI, section 2]{ref}