= E. P. S. Shellard
{c}
<E. P. S. Shellard> modeled the evolution of <cosmic string networks> with <C. J. A. P. Martins>. Their velocity-dependent one-scale description evolves a characteristic network length together with a typical string <velocity>, incorporating expansion, energy loss into loops and curvature-driven acceleration.<Extending the Velocity-dependent One-scale String Evolution Model by C. J. A. P. Martins and E. P. S. Shellard>[Section II.A: averaged length, velocity and loss equations]{ref}
This replaces the full network by a small set of macroscopic variables, making scaling behaviour and cosmological evolution tractable while leaving model coefficients to physical arguments and simulation tests.
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