= Electrostatic pressure
{title2=$p_e=\mathbf E\cdot\mathbf D/2$}
The outward normal electric traction on an equipotential conductor adjoining a linear isotropic dielectric, for the ideal normal-field configuration, is $p_e=\epsilon E_n^2/2=\mathbf E\cdot\mathbf D/2$. Integrating this normal traction over a surface gives the electric <force>. It is a field-stress contribution; mechanical <pressure> and dielectric boundary conditions must be included when determining an actual fluid-interface equilibrium.
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