= Excess hazard
{title2=$h_E(t)=h^{(i)}(t)-h_B^{(i)}(t)$}
An <excess hazard> measures mortality above the <background hazard>. When it is common across individuals, each observed <survivor function> factors into its individual background <survivor function> and a common <relative survivor function>. A nonnegative <excess hazard> gives a nonincreasing <relative survivor function>; a negative <excess hazard> can instead reflect better survival than expected in the reference population.
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