Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 50 3 c Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
The Pauli matrices obey and , and operators on different tensor factors commute. HenceAdding gives . Each commutes separately with both and , so . Every interaction on sites also commutes with all for . Therefore equal and coefficients make their contributions cancel pair by pair, and . This is Excitation-number conservation in XXZ spin chains: is the total spin magnetization in Pauli normalization.