External vertex boundary (source code)

= External vertex boundary
{title2=$\partial_vS$}

The external vertex boundary of a vertex set $S$ is
$$
\partial_vS=N(S)\setminus S=N[S]\setminus S.
$$
For comparisons at fixed $|S|$, minimizing $|\partial_vS|$ is equivalent to minimizing $|N[S]|$.