= Family pseudo-control genotype
Combine the untransmitted maternal and paternal alleles into a hypothetical control <genotype>, paired with the child's transmitted genotype. Even when two heterozygous parents have a heterozygous child and parent-specific phase is ambiguous, the combined untransmitted genotype is unambiguously heterozygous. Such pseudo-controls are matched family controls, not independent random individuals; <Hardy-Weinberg principle> is therefore not guaranteed merely by this construction.
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