Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2014 iii Paper 81 1 Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Use dimensionless spin angular momentum operators, so their commutators have no additional . A fully polarized state is an exact ground state of the Heisenberg ferromagnet, with . On each bond the largest eigenvalue of is , obtained in the two-spin total-spin- sector. Hence the bondwise lower bound on the Hamiltonian is attained by this state.
The ferromagnetic ground-state multiplet has total spin . Applying the global lowering operator , , generates its magnetic states; their linear combinations are also ground states. Global spin rotations generate polarized ground states pointing in arbitrary directions and span the same multiplet. Uniform reorientation therefore costs no energy. Slowly varying orientations give gapless ferromagnetic magnons, with quadratic rather than linear long-wavelength dispersion. In the ordered thermodynamic ground state, the two broken spin generators are canonically paired because , producing one type-B Goldstone boson. For a finite chain the zero-wavevector motion remains inside the exact ground multiplet; nonzero wavevectors have a finite-size spacing that vanishes as . This is a ground-state statement, not a claim of finite-temperature long-range order in one dimension.