= Francis Halzen
{c}
{tag=Physicist}
{wiki}
= F. Halzen
{c}
{synonym}
<Francis Halzen> initiated <IceCube>, using a large volume of Antarctic <ice> as a medium for <neutrino> detection. Optical modules record <Cherenkov radiation> from secondary charged particles. Their arrival times and detected <light> allow reconstruction of a particle's direction and deposited <energy>. Because atmospheric particles also produce signals, identifying cosmic <neutrinos> requires event selection and explicit background estimates. The instrument connects high-<energy> <particle (physics)> with observations of distant astrophysical sources.<The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems by IceCube Collaboration>[Sections 1–2: instrument layout, optical modules and functional detection description]{ref}
A <physicist> who initiated <IceCube> and researched <particle (physics)>, <astrophysics> and <cosmology>.<Professional profile of Francis Halzen (physics.wisc.edu)>[Biography: physics faculty since 1972; IceCube principal investigator]{ref}
\Image[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Francis_Halzen_(2025).jpg?width=260]
{title=Portrait of <Francis Halzen>}
{description=infn.it. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/[CC0 1.0 Universal], via Wikimedia Commons.}
{source=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Halzen_(2025).jpg}
{width=260}
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